COMPLEX NUMBERS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Problem 1 :

If (1 + z)/(1 - z)  =  cos 2θ + i sin 2θ, show that z = i tan θ

Solution :

(1 + z)/(1 - z)  =  cos 2θ + i sin 2θ

1 + z  =  (1 - z)(cos 2θ + i sin 2θ)

1 + z  =  (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) - z(cos 2θ + i sin 2θ)

z + z(cos 2θ + i sin 2θ)  =  (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) - 1

z(1 + (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ))  =  (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) - 1

z = (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) - 1/(1 + (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ))

z = (cos 2θ - 1) + i sin 2θ)/((1 + cos 2θ) + i sin 2θ))

cos 2θ  =  (1 - tan2θ)/(1 + tan2θ)

sin 2θ  =  2tanθ/(1 - tan2θ)

  =  i 2 tan θ (i tan θ + 1)/2(1 + i tan θ)

  =  i tan θ ------- R.H.S

Hence proved.

Problem 2 :

If cos α + cos β + cos γ = sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0, show that

(i) cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos (α + β + γ) and

(ii) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin (α + β + γ

Solution :

Let a = cos α + i sin α,

b = cos β + i sin β and c = cos γ + i sin γ

a3  =  (cos α + i sin α)3

b3  =  (cos β + i sin β)3

c3  =  (cos γ + i sin γ)3

Using De moivre's theorem

a3  =  (cos 3α + i sin 3α)  ---(1)

b3  =  (cos 3β + i sin 3β) ---(2)

c3  =  (cos 3γ + i sin 3γ) ---(3)

Algebraic formula :

a3 + b3 + c3  - 3abc  =  (a+b+c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)

If a + b + c = 0, then 

a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

Here

a + b + c  =  cos α + i sin α + cos β + i sin β + cos γ + i sin γ

a + b + c  =  (cos α cos β cos γ+ i (sin α + sin β + sin γ)

a + b + c  =  0

(1) + (2) + (3)

a3 + b3 + c3   =  3abc

(cos 3α + i sin 3α) + (cos 3β + i sin 3β) +  (cos 3γ + i sin 3γ) 

  =  3 (cos α + i sin α)(cos β + i sin β) (cos γ + i sin γ)

  =  3 [cos (α + β + γ) + i sin (α + β + γ)]

  =  3 cos (α + β + γ) + i 3 sin (α + β + γ)

Equating the real parts, we get

cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ  =  3 cos (α + β + γ)

By equating the imaginary parts, we get 

sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ  =  3 sin (α + β + γ)

Hence proved.

Problem 3 :

If z = x + iy and arg [(z - i)/(z + 2)]  =  π/4, show that x2 + y2 + 3x − 3y + 2 = 0.

Solution :

arg [(z - i)/(z + 2)]  =  arg (z - i) - arg (z + 2)

  =  arg (x + iy - i) - arg (x + iy + 2)

  =  arg (x + i(y - 1)) - arg ((x + 2) + iy)

  =  tan-1 [(y - 1)/x] - tan-1 [y/(x + 2)]

tan-1 A - tan-1 B  =  tan-1 [(A - B)/ (1 + AB)]

Here A = (y - 1)/x and B = y/(x + 2)

xy + 2y - x - 2 - xy  =  x2 + 2x + y2 - y

x2 + 2x + x + y2 - y - 2y + 2  =  0

x2  + y+ 3x - 3y + 2  =  0

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