Characteristic Roots Question 2





In this page characteristic roots question2 we are going to see how to find characteristic roots of any given matrix.

Definition :

Let A be any square matrix of order n x n and I be a unit matrix of same order. Then |A-λI| is called characteristic polynomial of matrix. 

Then the equation |A-λI| = 0 is called characteristic roots of matrix.  The roots of this equation is called characteristic roots of matrix.

Another name of characteristic roots:

characteristic roots are also known as latent roots or eigenvalues of a matrix.

Question 2 :

Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix

 
1 1 3
1 5 1
3 1 1
 




   Let A =

 
1 1 3
1 5 1
3 1 1
 

The order of A is 3 x 3. So the unit matrix I =

 
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
 

Now we have to multiply λ with unit matrix I.

  λI =

 
λ 0 0
0 λ 0
0 0 λ
 
A-λI=
 
1 1 3
1 5 1
3 1 1
 
-
 
λ 0 0
0 λ 0
0 0 λ
 
 
                      
  =
 
(1-λ)   (1-0)   (3-0)
(1-0)   (5-λ)   (1-0)
(3-0)   (1-0)   (1-λ)
 
 
  =
 
(1-λ)   1   3
1   (5-λ)   1
3   1   (1-λ)
 
 
A-λI=
 
(1-λ)   1   3
1   (5-λ)   1
3   1   (1-λ)
 

  =  (1-λ)[ (5-λ)(1-λ) - 1 ] - 1[1 - λ - 3] + 3 [1 - 3 (5-λ) ]

  =  (1-λ)[ 5 - 5 λ - λ + λ² - 1 ] - 1[ -λ - 2] + 3 [ 1 - 15 +3 λ ]  

  =  (1-λ)[ λ² - 6 λ +  4 ] + 1 λ + 2 + 3 [ - 14 +3 λ ]

  =  λ² - 6 λ + 4 - λ³  + 6 λ² - 4 λ  + λ + 2 - 42 + 9 λ

  =  - λ³ + λ² + 6 λ² - 6 λ - 4 λ  + λ + 9 λ + 4 + 2 - 42

  =  - λ³ + 7 λ² - 10 λ + 10 λ + 6 - 42

  =  - λ³ + 7 λ² - 36

  =  λ³ - 7 λ² + 36

To find roots let |A-λI| = 0

   λ³ - 7 λ² + 36 = 0

For solving this equation first let us do synthetic division.characteristic roots question 2  characteristic roots question 2  characteristic roots question 2 characteristic roots question 2

By using synthetic division we have found one value of λ that is λ = -2.

Now we have to solve λ² - 10 λ + 24 to get another two values. For that let us factorize 

   λ² - 9 λ + 18 = 0

λ² - 3 λ - 6 λ + 18 = 0

λ (λ - 3) - 6 (λ - 3) = 0

(λ - 6) (λ - 3) = 0

 λ - 6 = 0

 λ = 6

 λ - 3 = 0

 λ = 3

Therefore the characteristic roots (or) Eigen values are x = -2,3,6


Questions

Solution


Question 1 :

Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix

 
5 0 1
0 -2 0
1 0 5
 



Solution

characteristic roots question 2

Question 3 : characteristic roots question2

Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix

 
-2 2 -3
2 1 -6
-1 -2 0
 


Solution

Question 4 :

Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix

4 -20 -10
-2 10 4
6 -30 -13



Solution

Question 5 : characteristic roots question2

Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix

 
11 -4 -7
7 -2 -5
10 -4 -6
 



Solution







Characteristic Roots Question2 to Examples
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